diff --git a/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/JpaTransactionManager.java b/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/JpaTransactionManager.java
index cd45d0d847..41192f88e0 100644
--- a/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/JpaTransactionManager.java
+++ b/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/JpaTransactionManager.java
@@ -589,6 +589,10 @@ public class JpaTransactionManager extends AbstractPlatformTransactionManager
 			}
 		}
 		catch (PersistenceException ex) {
+			DataAccessException dae = getJpaDialect().translateExceptionIfPossible(ex);
+			if (dae != null) {
+				throw dae;
+			}
 			throw new TransactionSystemException("Could not roll back JPA transaction", ex);
 		}
 		finally {
diff --git a/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaDialect.java b/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaDialect.java
index ae1f787509..f3fcc74bd2 100644
--- a/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaDialect.java
+++ b/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaDialect.java
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ import org.springframework.dao.InvalidDataAccessResourceUsageException;
 import org.springframework.dao.PessimisticLockingFailureException;
 import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.ConnectionHandle;
 import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceUtils;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLExceptionSubclassTranslator;
 import org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLExceptionTranslator;
 import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
 import org.springframework.orm.ObjectOptimisticLockingFailureException;
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ import org.springframework.util.ReflectionUtils;
 
 /**
  * {@link org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaDialect} implementation for Hibernate.
- * Compatible with Hibernate ORM 5.5/5.6 as well as 6.0/6.1/6.2.
+ * Compatible with Hibernate ORM 5.5/5.6 as well as 6.0/6.1/6.2/6.3.
  *
  * @author Juergen Hoeller
  * @author Costin Leau
@@ -91,6 +92,9 @@ public class HibernateJpaDialect extends DefaultJpaDialect {
 	@Nullable
 	private SQLExceptionTranslator jdbcExceptionTranslator;
 
+	@Nullable
+	private SQLExceptionTranslator transactionExceptionTranslator = new SQLExceptionSubclassTranslator();
+
 
 	/**
 	 * Set whether to prepare the underlying JDBC Connection of a transactional
@@ -121,14 +125,22 @@ public class HibernateJpaDialect extends DefaultJpaDialect {
 	 * <p>Applied to any detected {@link java.sql.SQLException} root cause of a Hibernate
 	 * {@link JDBCException}, overriding Hibernate's own {@code SQLException} translation
 	 * (which is based on a Hibernate Dialect for a specific target database).
+	 * <p>As of 6.1, also applied to {@link org.hibernate.TransactionException} translation
+	 * with a {@link SQLException} root cause (where Hibernate does not translate itself
+	 * at all), overriding Spring's default {@link SQLExceptionSubclassTranslator} there.
+	 * @param exceptionTranslator the {@link SQLExceptionTranslator} to delegate to, or
+	 * {@code null} for none. By default, a {@link SQLExceptionSubclassTranslator} will
+	 * be used for {@link org.hibernate.TransactionException} translation as of 6.1;
+	 * this can be reverted to pre-6.1 behavior through setting {@code null} here.
 	 * @since 5.1
 	 * @see java.sql.SQLException
 	 * @see org.hibernate.JDBCException
+	 * @see org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLExceptionSubclassTranslator
 	 * @see org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslator
-	 * @see org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLStateSQLExceptionTranslator
 	 */
-	public void setJdbcExceptionTranslator(SQLExceptionTranslator jdbcExceptionTranslator) {
-		this.jdbcExceptionTranslator = jdbcExceptionTranslator;
+	public void setJdbcExceptionTranslator(@Nullable SQLExceptionTranslator exceptionTranslator) {
+		this.jdbcExceptionTranslator = exceptionTranslator;
+		this.transactionExceptionTranslator = exceptionTranslator;
 	}
 
 
@@ -245,7 +257,16 @@ public class HibernateJpaDialect extends DefaultJpaDialect {
 			DataAccessException dae = this.jdbcExceptionTranslator.translate(
 					"Hibernate operation: " + jdbcEx.getMessage(), jdbcEx.getSQL(), jdbcEx.getSQLException());
 			if (dae != null) {
-				throw dae;
+				return dae;
+			}
+		}
+		if (this.transactionExceptionTranslator != null && ex instanceof org.hibernate.TransactionException) {
+			if (ex.getCause() instanceof SQLException sqlEx) {
+				DataAccessException dae = this.transactionExceptionTranslator.translate(
+						"Hibernate transaction: " + ex.getMessage(), null, sqlEx);
+				if (dae != null) {
+					return dae;
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaVendorAdapter.java b/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaVendorAdapter.java
index e9678742d4..35e34636f5 100644
--- a/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaVendorAdapter.java
+++ b/spring-orm/src/main/java/org/springframework/orm/jpa/vendor/HibernateJpaVendorAdapter.java
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils;
 
 /**
  * {@link org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaVendorAdapter} implementation for Hibernate.
- * Compatible with Hibernate ORM 5.5/5.6 as well as 6.0/6.1/6.2.
+ * Compatible with Hibernate ORM 5.5/5.6 as well as 6.0/6.1/6.2/6.3.
  *
  * <p>Exposes Hibernate's persistence provider and Hibernate's Session as extended
  * EntityManager interface, and adapts {@link AbstractJpaVendorAdapter}'s common